Category archives: Neuroscience

Metacognition in nonhumans

Metacognition in nonhumans

EthologyNeuroscience

By José Ramón Alonso

Metacognition is «cognition about cognition», or «knowing about knowing». It comes from the root word «meta», meaning beyond, and the word «cognition» that includes all mental abilities and processes related to knowledge: attention, memory, judgment and evaluation, reasoning, biological computation, problem-solving, decision making, comprehension and production of language, etc. Metacognition can take many forms; it […]

The brain has a direct connection to the lymphatic system

The brain has a direct connection to the lymphatic system

BiomedicineNeurobiologyNeuroscience

By José Ramón Alonso

The lymphatic system performs important immune functions, and runs parallel to the blood circulatory system to provide a secondary circulation that transports excess interstitial fluid, proteins and metabolic waste products from the systemic tissues back into the blood. For centuries, it was thought that the central nervous system lacks a lymphatic drainage system and the […]

The poor brain

The poor brain

NeurobiologyNeuroscience

By José Ramón Alonso

The human brain continues its development postnatally. It is a long process that extends throughout, at least, the first two decades of life. Along these years, environmental factors influence brain functions and, not surprisingly because of its high plasticity, brain structure. Among the variables that may affect the cognitive development is the socioeconomic status. Three […]

I see your pain

I see your pain

NeurobiologyNeuroscience

By José Ramón Alonso

True empathy is considered by most researchers to be an exclusive ability of primates, particularly humans and apes, the result of complex reasoning and abstract thought. However, empathy may be a phylogenetically continuous ability with particular types such as «emotional contagion» present in all classes of mammals. In fact, it has been shown that empathy […]

What is consciousness? (2): Is the hard problem really hard?

What is consciousness? (2): Is the hard problem really hard?

NeurosciencePhilosophy of science

By Jesús Zamora Bonilla

As we saw in the previous entry of this series, philosophers of mind usually distinguish between what (after David Chalmers) they called the ‘easy’ and the ‘hard’ problem of consciousness. The ‘easy’ problem refers to how to explain the functioning of the brain: how does it manage to do things that seem to require some […]