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Molecular vibrations couple to visible light only weakly, have small mutual interactions, and hence are often ignored for non-linear optics. Still, molecular vibrations dominate electronic, thermal, and spin transport in a wide range of devices from photovoltaics to molecular electronics as well as being of fundamental interest. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) is well-established for studying […]

In probability theory and statistics, a collection of random variables is independent and identically distributed (iid) if each random variable has the same probability distribution as the others and all are mutually independent. Most supervised machine learning methods assume that training and testing or production samples are drawn iid from the same underlying distribution. But […]

Hopfions, magnetic spin structures predicted decades ago, have become a hot and challenging research topic in recent years. The first experimental evidence has just been presented in Nature . A deeper understanding of how different components of materials function is important for the development of innovative materials and future technology. The research field of spintronics […]

Phagocytosis Author: Marta Irigoyen is a postdoctoral researcher at CIC bioGUNE Phagocytosis of cancer cells by tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which are abundant in the tumor microenvironment (TME), plays a critical role in cancer immunosurveillance . Cancer cells can evade macrophage-mediated phagocytosis (the process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf particles or […]

Army ants use collective decision-making when hunting Ants use relatively sophisticated problem-solving abilities to collectively overcome obstacles when hunting for food. The insects often build a bridge by linking their bodies when they face an obstacle, such as a gap between leaves, suggesting that the insects exercise collective decision-making and weigh the costs and benefits […]

early galaxy problem Author: Rajendra Gupta, Adjunct professor, Physics, L’Université d’Ottawa/University of Ottawa Early universe observations by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) cannot be explained by current cosmological models. These models estimate the universe to be 13.8 billion years in age, based on the big-bang expanding universe concept. My research proposes a model that […]

Cell division, or mitosis, is a breathtaking choreography that showcases the grandeur of life. The primary objective of this process is to meticulously separate the two copies of the cell genome, presented in the form of chromatin, and allocate them between two daughter cells. Consequently, it holds paramount significance for the reproduction of unicellular organisms […]

Purple bronze Scientists have discovered a rare phenomenon that could hold the key to creating a ‘perfect switch’ in quantum devices which flips between being an insulator and superconductor. The research found these two opposing electronic states exist within lithium molybdenum purple bronze, a unique one-dimensional metal composed of individual conducting chains of atoms. Tiny […]

words Author: Juan F. Trillo, PhD in Linguistics and Philosophy (U. Autónoma de Madrid), PhD in Literary Studies (U. Complutense de Madrid). The first word of the Preamble to the Constitution of the United States is “ We “, a personal pronoun belonging to the category of function words and, as such, ambiguous, which is […]

Bonobos show pro-social cooperation between groups Bonobos demonstrate cooperation between different social groups such as forming alliances and sharing food, according to a study of wild adult bonobos in the Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Bonobos show that the ability to maintain peaceful between-group relationships while extending acts of pro-sociality and […]